春季传染病预防健康小贴士Health Tips for Spring Infectious Disease Prevention

        冬春季是呼吸道传染病的高发季节，当我们真正遇到不同类型的传染疾病，应该如何保护自己呢？这份健康小贴士送给你。

        Winter and spring are the high incidence seasons of respiratory infectious diseases. When we encounter different types of infectious diseases,how should we protect ourselves? Here's a health tip for you.

        1、流感小百科 Influenza Encyclopedia

        流感是由流行性感冒病毒引起的传染性很强的急性呼吸道传染病。

        Influenza is a highly infectious acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus.

        2、流感有哪些症状？

        What are the symptoms of influenza?

        临床表现为发热、头痛、肌痛、乏力、鼻炎、咽痛和咳嗽，多数患者临床表现轻微。但流感能加重潜在的疾病（心肺疾患）或者引起继发细菌性肺炎或原发流感病毒性肺炎，老年人以及患有各种慢性病或者体质虚弱者患流感后容易出现严重并发症。

流感与普通感冒不同,普通感冒一般起病较慢，发热通常为低热，咳嗽、鼻塞、流鼻涕等上呼吸道症状比较明显，而头痛、肌肉酸痛、疲乏等全身中毒症状较轻，且没有传染性或传染性很低；流感则通常起病急，体温常超过39℃，全身中毒症状较重，并且可传播给周围人群，甚至在短时期内形成流行。

        An acute respiratory infection caused by influenza virus,it is highly contagious and its incidence is the first of the infectious disease.The main transmission way is direct transmission of airdroplet, and can also be transmitted indirectly through the objects contaminated by the virus. The population is generally susceptible to the flu.

        3、如何防治流感？

        How to prevent and treat influenza?

        接种流感疫苗是预防流感的最有效手段。要及时接种流感疫苗，可以减少感染机会或减轻流感症状，避免流感病毒感染造成的危害。 60岁以上人群、 慢性病患者及体弱多病者以及中小学生和幼儿园儿童等重点人群应每年接种流感疫苗。保持良好的个人生活及卫生习惯也是预防流感的重要手段。

        Influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza. Influenza vaccination can reduce the chance of infection or reduce flu symptoms and avoidthe harm caused by influenza virus infection. People over the age of 60, peoplewith chronic diseases and infirm health, as well as primary and secondaryschool students and kindergarten children and other key groups should bevaccinated against influenza every year. Maintaining good personal and hygienehabits is also an important way to prevent influenza.

        二、水痘Varicella

        1、水痘小百科Encyclopedia varicella

        水痘是由水痘——带状疱疹病毒引起的常见的急性传染病。水痘一年四季都可发病，其中以冬春季为多。水痘传染性极强，病人是唯一的传染源，主要通过唾液飞沫传染，亦可因接触水痘病毒污染的衣服、玩具、用具等而得病。患者以婴幼儿多见，集体儿童亦为易感人群，托儿所、幼儿园、小学校等容易发生局部暴发流行。

        2、水痘有哪些症状？What are the symptoms of varicella?

水痘的平均潜伏期14—21天，多为15一17天。易感者接触病人后约90％会传染发病，病初症状较轻，可出现微热，全身不适。发热的同时或1—2日后，躯干皮肤、粘膜分批出现和迅速发展为斑疹、丘疹、疱疹与结痂。水痘病毒可波及多脏器，还可并发皮肤感染、肺炎、脑炎等。本病一般预后良好，极少数人出现严重并发症。部分病人恢复后体内可潜伏病毒，成年后某些诱因可引起复发成为带状疱疹。

        The typical clinical manifestations ofvaricella were low fever and rapid development of red spotted papules ingroups. It quickly developed into a clear oval small blister. After 24 hours,the blister became turbid and easy to collapse, and then quickly dried from thecenter. Transmission for infectious respiratory droplets and contact thevaricella virus contaminated utensils, toys, bedding and towels contact. Thepopulation is generally easy to feel, and the children are more common. Sincethe disease is highly contagious, the patient must be isolated early until allthe rashes are dry and scab.

        3、如何防治水痘？ How to prevent chickenpox?

        ①加强水痘防病宣传，教育和培养学生良好卫生习惯，做到勤洗手，以免传染病交叉感染。

        (1) Strengthen chickenpox prevention publicity, education and cultivate students good health habits, do wash hands frequently, so as not to crossinfection of infectious diseases.

        ②冬春季节学校的教室要经常开窗通风，保持环境整洁，空气流通。

        (2) Open the window ventilation in winter and spring , keep the environment clean, air circulation.

        ③学校每天晨检，发现水痘患者应及时报告，隔离传染源，患病学生必须在家隔离治疗，隔离至疱疹全部结痂，且不少于病后14天，到学校（托幼机构）所在社区卫生服务中心（乡镇卫生院）开具复课证明方能复学。

        (3) Every morning check, find chickenpox patients should report in time,isolation infection source, sick students must be isolated at home treatment,isolation to herpes all scab, and not less than 14 days after the disease, tothe school (childcare institutions) in the community health service center(township health center) issued a certificate to resume school.

        ④接种水痘疫苗是保护易感儿童免于发病的最经济、最有效的手段 。12-24月龄接种第1剂，4岁接种第2剂 ，4-12岁未接种者，应接种2剂次，已接种过1剂者应接种第2剂；开展学校预防接种证查验及补种工作，宣传动员未接种满两剂次水痘疫苗的学生进行补种，在学校形成免疫屏障，减少聚集性发病。

        (4) Vaccinate chickenpox vaccine isthe most economical and effective means to protect susceptible children fromgetting sick.

        三 诺如病毒Norovirus

        1、诺如病毒小百科Norovirus Encyclopedia

        诺如病毒是一种肠道病毒，感染人体后主要引起腹泻和呕吐。诺如病毒具有高度传染性和快速传播能力，极少的病毒量便可引起发病，其感染对象主要是学龄儿童和成人。诺如病毒抗体无长期保护作用，人体可反复感染。诺如病毒是急性胃肠炎的主要致病因素。

        2、诺如病毒有哪些症状？What are the symptoms of Norovirus?

诺如病毒感染潜伏期一般12-48小时，主要症状为恶心、呕吐、腹泻、腹痛等。儿童感染后，呕吐症状多见，24小时内可呕吐2次以上；成人感染后，腹泻症状多见，24小时内可腹泻3次以上，粪便为稀水便。诺如病毒感染是一种自限性疾病，无特效药物，以对症支持治疗为主，症状平均持续2-3天。

诺如病毒的传播途径多样，包括经食物、经水传播及密切接触传播。食用了被诺如病毒污染的食物或饮料，用被诺如病毒污染的餐具进餐，手接触被诺如病毒污染的物体表面，然后手接触口，均可导致诺如病毒传播。

        Infectious diarrhea caused by norovirus is a kind of diarrhea causedby norovirus, which is characterized by rapid onset, rapid transmission andwide range of involvement. It is the main cause of non-bacterial diarrheaout break. Norovirus is highly infectious and mainly transmitted through theintestinal tract. It can spread foodborne diseases through contaminated water,food, articles and air. 

        3、如何预防诺如病毒？ 

        How to prevent Norovirus?

        养成良好的卫生习惯“两要两不要”：回家后、饭前、便后，要勤洗手，生熟餐具、刀具要分开；不喝生水，不生食海、水产品以及未煮熟的食物。勤开窗通风，定期对餐具进行煮沸消毒，餐具要全部被水覆盖，时间15-20分钟；毛巾、被褥等清洗后置阳光下曝晒，曝晒时间不低于6小时。

        Developgood hygiene habits: after going home, before meals, after going to the toilet,to wash their hands frequently, cooked tableware, knives to separate; Do notdrink raw water, do not eat raw sea food, aquatic products and undercooked food. Frequently open the window ventilation, regular tableware for boiling disinfection, tableware to be all covered by water, time 15-20 minutes; Washtowels, bedding, etc. and expose them in the sun for no less than 6 hours.

正确洗手保健康，洁净传递你我他

袖口挽高 打开龙头

摸摸肥皂 手心搓搓

手背搓搓 指缝搓搓

指背搓搓 指尖搓搓

拇指搓搓 手腕搓搓

五指头儿往下垂 从上往下冲冲水

水龙头儿浇浇水 关上龙头甩甩水

抽张纸巾擦擦水 洗掉病菌快快回